Omanische Heilpflanze im Fokus der Phytochemie IPB-Wissenschaftler und Partner aus Dhofar haben jüngst die omanische Heilpflanze Terminalia dhofarica unter die phytochemische Lupe genommen. Die Pflanze ist reich an…
Geschmack ist vorhersagbar: Mit FlavorMiner. FlavorMiner heißt das Tool, das IPB-Chemiker und Partner aus Kolumbien jüngst entwickelt haben. Das Programm kann, basierend auf maschinellem Lernen (KI), anhand der…
Wirthmueller, L.; Asai, S.; Rallapalli, G.; Sklenar, J.; Fabro, G.; Kim, D. S.; Lintermann, R.; Jaspers, P.; Wrzaczek, M.; Kangasjärvi, J.; MacLean, D.; Menke, F. L. H.; Banfield, M. J.; Jones, J. D. G.;Arabidopsis downy mildew effector HaRxL106 suppresses plant immunity by binding to RADICAL-INDUCED CELL DEATH1New Phytol.220232-248(2018)DOI: 10.1111/nph.15277
The oomycete pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa) causes downy mildew disease on Arabidopsis. To colonize its host, Hpa translocates effector proteins that suppress plant immunity into infected host cells. Here, we investigate the relevance of the interaction between one of these effectors, HaRxL106, and Arabidopsis RADICAL‐INDUCED CELL DEATH1 (RCD1).We use pathogen infection assays as well as molecular and biochemical analyses to test the hypothesis that HaRxL106 manipulates RCD1 to attenuate transcriptional activation of defense genes.We report that HaRxL106 suppresses transcriptional activation of salicylic acid (SA)‐induced defense genes and alters plant growth responses to light. HaRxL106‐mediated suppression of immunity is abolished in RCD1 loss‐of‐function mutants. We report that RCD1‐type proteins are phosphorylated, and we identified Mut9‐like kinases (MLKs), which function as phosphoregulatory nodes at the level of photoreceptors, as RCD1‐interacting proteins. An mlk1,3,4 triple mutant exhibits stronger SA‐induced defense marker gene expression compared with wild‐type plants, suggesting that MLKs also affect transcriptional regulation of SA signaling.Based on the combined evidence, we hypothesize that nuclear RCD1/MLK complexes act as signaling nodes that integrate information from environmental cues and pathogen sensors, and that the Arabidopsis downy mildew pathogen targets RCD1 to prevent activation of plant immunity.
Publikation
Patron, N. J.; Orzaez, D.; Marillonnet, S.; Warzecha, H.; Matthewman, C.; Youles, M.; Raitskin, O.; Leveau, A.; Farré, G.; Rogers, C.; Smith, A.; Hibberd, J.; Webb, A. A. R.; Locke, J.; Schornack, S.; Ajioka, J.; Baulcombe, D. C.; Zipfel, C.; Kamoun, S.; Jones, J. D. G.; Kuhn, H.; Robatzek, S.; Van Esse, H. P.; Sanders, D.; Oldroyd, G.; Martin, C.; Field, R.; O'Connor, S.; Fox, S.; Wulff, B.; Miller, B.; Breakspear, A.; Radhakrishnan, G.; Delaux, P.-M.; Loqué, D.; Granell, A.; Tissier, A.; Shih, P.; Brutnell, T. P.; Quick, W. P.; Rischer, H.; Fraser, P. D.; Aharoni, A.; Raines, C.; South, P. F.; Ané, J.-M.; Hamberger, B. R.; Langdale, J.; Stougaard, J.; Bouwmeester, H.; Udvardi, M.; Murray, J. A. H.; Ntoukakis, V.; Schäfer, P.; Denby, K.; Edwards, K. J.; Osbourn, A.; Haseloff, J.;Standards for plant synthetic biology: a common syntax for exchange of DNA partsNew Phytol.20813-19(2015)DOI: 10.1111/nph.13532
Inventors in the field of mechanical and electronic engineering can access multitudes of components and, thanks to standardization, parts from different manufacturers can be used in combination with each other. The introduction of BioBrick standards for the assembly of characterized DNA sequences was a landmark in microbial engineering, shaping the field of synthetic biology. Here, we describe a standard for Type IIS restriction endonuclease‐mediated assembly, defining a common syntax of 12 fusion sites to enable the facile assembly of eukaryotic transcriptional units. This standard has been developed and agreed by representatives and leaders of the international plant science and synthetic biology communities, including inventors, developers and adopters of Type IIS cloning methods. Our vision is of an extensive catalogue of standardized, characterized DNA parts that will accelerate plant bioengineering.