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Macrocyclic natural products often display remarkable biological activities, and many of these compounds (or their derivatives) are used as drugs. The chemical diversity of these compounds is immense and may provide inspiration for innovative drug design. Therefore, a database of naturally occurring macrocycles was analyzed for ring size, molecular weight distribution, and the frequency of some common substructural motifs. The underlying principles of the chemical diversity are reviewed in terms of biosynthetic origin and nature’s strategies for diversity and complexity generation in relation to the structural diversity and similarities found in the macrocycle database. Finally, it is suggested that synthetic chemists should use not only nature’s molecules, but also nature’s strategies as a source of inspiration. To illustrate this, the biosynthesis of macrocycles by non-ribosomal peptide synthetases and terpene and polyketide cyclases, as well as recent advances of these strategies in an integrated synthesis/biotechnology approach are briefly reviewed.
Publikation
Naturally occurring macrocycles often exhibit remarkable biological activities and, therefore, constitute an attractive starting point for diversity-oriented synthesis for lead discovery in drug development. Multicomponent reactions have been used for the introduction of chemical diversity in strategies towards macrocycle libraries, mostly by combinational synthesis of a linear precursor combined with a subsequent macrocyclization reaction. The Ugi reaction in particular may be used for the macrocyclization itself as well, and a library of natural product-like macrocycles can be constructed in a single step from simple precursors. The efficiency and versatility of both strategies is immense and is exemplarily illustrated by the construction of small libraries of cyclopeptide alkaloid derivatives and biaryl ether macrocycles. The syntheses of the latter compound group are examples of multiple multicomponent macrocyclizations including bifunctional building blocks (M3iB3 or MiB), of which the Ugi-MiBs and their variations are discussed in more detail.