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In contrast to the myriad of methods available to produce α‐helices and antiparallel β‐sheets in synthetic peptides, just a few are known for the construction of stable, non‐cyclic parallel β‐sheets. Herein, we report an efficient on‐resin approach for the assembly of parallel β‐sheet peptides in which the N‐alkylated turn moiety enhances the stability and gives access to a variety of functionalizations without modifying the parallel strands. The key synthetic step of this strategy is the multicomponent construction of an N‐alkylated turn using the Ugi reaction on varied isocyano‐resins. This four‐component process assembles the orthogonally protected turn fragment and incorporates handles serving for labeling/conjugation purposes or for reducing peptide aggregation. NMR and circular dichroism analyses confirm the better‐structured and more stable parallel β‐sheets in the N‐alkylated peptides compared to the non‐functionalized variants.
Publications
Die Funktionalisierung von C‐H‐Bindungen mit Nichtedelmetallkatalysatoren ist ein wichtiges Forschungsgebiet für die Entwicklung effizienter und nachhaltiger Synthesemethoden. In diesem Artikel beschreiben wir die Entwicklung Eisenporphyrin‐katalysierter Reaktionen von Diazoacetonitril mit N‐Heterocyclen um so einen Zugang zu wertvollen Vorläufern zu Tryptaminen zu erhalten. Darüberhinaus berichten wir über experimentelle mechanistische Studien sowie über konzeptionelle Studien zu einer enzymatischen Synthese mit dem Enzym YfeX. Mit dem leicht zugänglichen FeTPPCl‐Katalysator konnten wir hoch effiziente C‐H‐Funktionalisierungsreaktionen von Indol und Indazol‐Heterocyclen zeigen. Diese Reaktionen können unter milden Reaktionsbedingungen, mit exzellenten Ausbeuten und großer Toleranz funktioneller Gruppen inklusive Anwendungen im Grammmaßstab durchgeführt werden und eröffnen so einen einzigartigen, effizienten Zugang zu Tryptaminen.
Publications
For the first time, the Petasis (borono‐Mannich) reaction is employed for the multicomponent labeling and stapling of peptides. The report includes the solid‐phase derivatization of peptides at the N‐terminus, Lys, and Nϵ‐MeLys side‐chains by an on‐resin Petasis reaction with variation of the carbonyl and boronic acid components. Peptides were simultaneously functionalized with aryl/vinyl substituents bearing fluorescent/affinity tags and oxo components such as dihydroxyacetone, glyceraldehyde, glyoxylic acid, and aldoses, thus encompassing a powerful complexity‐generating approach without changing the charge of the peptides. The multicomponent stapling was conducted in solution by linking Nϵ‐MeLys or Orn side‐chains, positioned at i, i+7 and i, i+4, with aryl tethers, while hydroxy carbonyl moieties were introduced as exocyclic fragments. The good efficiency and diversity oriented character of these methods show prospects for peptide drug discovery and chemical biology.
Publications
Fungal peroxygenases represent an exciting new enzyme class for stereo-selective hydroxylation reactions. They are capable of the oxyfunctionalisation of a large, diverse scope of substrates including alkanes and steroids as well as the heteroatoms sulfur and nitrogen. The outstanding activities and stabilities as well as their reliance on hydrogen peroxide as co-substrate renders it a highly interesting biocatalyst.
Publications
The screening effort of large protein variant libraries renders the probability of coincidental discovering a new enzyme with non-natural activity to almost zero - the so-called numbers problem. Insights into the origin of life, evolution and enzymatic promiscuity, combined with the inspiration of methods from organic chemistry, offer solutions for this problem. With the newly discovered enzymes synthetic micro production units shall be established in a Leibniz Research Cluster where engineering and biotechnology are combined.
Publications
An important development in the field of macrocyclization strategies towards molecular cages is described. The approach comprises the utilization of a double Ugi four‐component macrocyclization for the assembly of macromulticycles with up to four different tethers, that is, hybrid cages. The innovation of this method rests on setting up the macromulticycle connectivities not through the tethers but through the bridgeheads, which in this case involve N‐substituted amino acids. Both dilution and metal‐template‐driven macrocyclization conditions were implemented with success, enabling the one‐pot formation of cryptands and cages including steroidal, polyether, heterocyclic, peptidic, and aryl tethers. This method demonstrates substantial complexity‐generating character and is suitable for applications in molecular recognition and catalysis.
Publications
In an endeavor to provide an efficient route to natural product hybrids, described herein is an efficient, highly stereoselective, one‐pot process comprising an organocatalytic conjugate addition of 1,3‐dicarbonyls to α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes followed by an intramolecular isocyanide‐based multicomponent reaction. This approach enables the rapid assembly of complex natural product hybrids including up to four different molecular fragments, such as hydroquinolinone, chromene, piperidine, peptide, lipid, and glycoside moieties. The strategy combines the stereocontrol of organocatalysis with the diversity‐generating character of multicomponent reactions, thus leading to structurally unique peptidomimetics integrating heterocyclic, lipidic, and sugar moieties.
Publications
Das große therapeutische Potenzial eines Organozinn(IV)‐beladenen nanostrukturierten SiO2 (SBA‐15pSn) wird am Beispiel der Rückbildung eines durch B16‐Zellen induzierten Melanoms bei syngenen C57BL/6‐Mäusen demonstriert. Neben Apoptose als grundlegendem Mechanismus der Antitumorwirkung einer Vielzahl von Chemotherapeutika ist der entscheidende Vorteil dieses mesoporösen zinnhaltigen Materials das Auslösen der Zelldifferenzierung – ein Effekt, der weder für metallbasierte Zytostatika noch für mesoporöse Materialien alleine bisher beobachtet wurde. Dieser nichtaggressive Wirkungsmechanismus ist hochwirksam gegen Tumorzellen aber im gewählten Konzentrationsbereich nichttoxisch für normales Gewebe. JNK‐unabhängige Apoptose (JNK: Jun amino‐terminal kinase), begleitet von der Bildung des melanozytenartigen nichtproliferativen Phänotyps der überlebenden Zellen demonstriert das außergewöhnliche Potenzial von SBA‐15pSn zur Unterdrückung von Tumorwachstum ohne eine unerwünschte kompensatorische Proliferation der erkrankten Zellen als Antwort auf den Zelltod in ihrer Nachbarschaft.
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Publications
Ein uraltes Reaktionsgefäß: TobZ carbamoyliert das Antibiotikum Tobramycin unter Bildung von Nebramycin‐5′. Dabei katalysiert die YrdC‐ähnliche Domäne (blau) die Bildung eines intermediären Carbamoyladenylats, das innerhalb einer tunnelartigen Reaktionskammer zur Kae1‐ähnlichen Domäne (braun), dem Ort des Carbamoyltransfers, transferiert wird.