Jasmonatfunktion & Mykorrhiza

Pflanzen und bestimmte Pilze haben im Laufe ihrer Entwicklungsgeschichte „gelernt”︁, in einer engen Assoziation im Boden, der Mykorrhiza, eine äußerst erfolgreiche Symbiose miteinander einzugehen. Arbuskuläre Mykorrhizapilze helfen Pflanzen sich auf nährstoffarmen Böden ausreichend mit Wasser, Nährsalzen und Spurenelementen zu versorgen und fördern entscheidend Diversität und Produktivität von Pflanzengesellschaften. Darüber hinaus zeigen mykorrhizierte Pflanzen eine erhöhte Widerstandsfähigkeit gegen Pathogenbefall. Im Gegenzug „bezahlt”︁ die Pflanze den Pilz für diesen Gewinn mit Kohlenhydraten in Form einfacher Zucker (Glucose, Fructose). Durch manche Erfolge in der Erforschung der Mykorrhiza auf Metaboliten‐ und Genebene beginnen wir allmählich zu erahnen, wie komplex die molekularen Interaktionen dieser Symbiose sind. Es ist zu erwarten, dass das steigende Interesse an der Mykorrhizaforschung zu neuen Einsichten in die Strategien von Pflanzen und Pilzen in der Entwicklung mutualistisch‐symbiontischer Assoziationen führen wird.

We have studied the subcellular localization of the acid S-like ribonuclease (RNase) LX in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cells using a combination of biochemical and immunological methods. It was found that the enzyme, unexpectedly excluded from highly purified vacuoles, accumulates in the endoplasmic reticulum. The evidence that RNase LX is a resident of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is supported by an independent approach showing that the C-terminal peptide HDEF of RNase LX acts as an alternative ER retention signal in plants. For functional testing, the cellular distribution of chimeric protein constructs based on a marker protein, Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) 2S albumin, was analyzed immunochemically in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants. Here, we report that the peptide motif is necessary and sufficient to accumulate 2S albumin constructs of both vacuolar and extracellular final destinations in the ER. We have shown immunochemically that RNase LX is specifically expressed during endosperm mobilization and leaf and flower senescence. Using immunofluorescence, RNase LX protein was detected in immature tracheary elements, suggesting a function in xylem differentiation. These results support a physiological function of RNase LX in selective cell death processes that are also thought to involve programmed cell death. It is assumed that RNase LX accumulates in an ER-derived compartment and is released by membrane disruption into the cytoplasma of those cells that are intended to undergo autolysis. These processes are accompanied by degradation of cellular components supporting a metabolic recycling function of the intracellular RNase LX.

Two closely related lectins from bulbs of the Dutch iris (Iris hollandica var. Professor Blaauw) have been isolated and cloned. Both lectins, called Iris agglutinin b and Iris agglutinin r, possess N-glycosidase activity and share a high sequence similarity with previously described type 2 ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIP). However, these lectins show only 57% to 59% sequence identity to a previously characterized type 1 RIP from iris, called IRIP. The identification of the iris lectins as type 2 RIP provides unequivocal evidence for the simultaneous occurrence of type 1 and type 2 RIP in iris bulbs and allowed a detailed comparison of type 1 and type 2 RIP from a single plant, which provides further insight into the molecular evolution of RIP. Binding studies and docking experiments revealed that the lectins exhibit binding activity not only toward Gal/N-acetylgalactosamine, but also toward mannose, demonstrating for the first time that RIP-binding sites can accommodate mannose.

In the present paper we analyzed plastid populations labeled by the green fluorescent protein in non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal roots of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). We show by confocal laser scanning microscopy (i) a dramatic increase in these plastids in mycorrhizal roots and (ii) the formation of dense plastid networks covering the symbiotic interface of the arbuscular mycorrhiza, the arbuscule. These cytological observations point to an important role of root cortical cell plastids in the functioning of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.

An abundant catalytically active β‐amylase (EC 3.2.1.2) was isolated from resting rhizomes of hedge bindweed (Calystegia sepium ). Biochemical analysis of the purified protein, molecular modeling, and cloning of the corresponding gene indicated that this enzyme resembles previously characterized plant β‐amylases with regard to its amino‐acid sequence, molecular structure and catalytic activities. Immunolocalization demonstrated that the β‐amylase is exclusively located in the cytoplasm. It is suggested that the hedge bindweed rhizome β‐amylase is a cytoplasmic vegetative storage protein.