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Publikation

Strack, D.; Fester, T.; Isoprenoid metabolism and plastid reorganization in arbuscular mycorrhizal roots New Phytol. 172, 22-34, (2006) DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01837.x

Plant root‐colonizing arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi activate the methylerythritol phosphate pathway, carotenoid biosynthesis and oxidative carotenoid cleavage in roots, leading to C13 and C14 apocarotenoids, that is, cyclohexenone and mycorradicin derivatives. Mycorradicin causes the characteristic yellow coloration of many AM roots accumulating within a complex mixture of unknown components. The accumulating C13 cyclohexenones exhibit various ring substitutions and different glycosyl moieties. Transcript levels of the first two enzymes of the MEP pathway, 1‐deoxy‐d ‐xylulose 5‐phosphate synthase and 1‐deoxy‐d ‐xylulose 5‐phosphate reductoisomerase, and of the carotenoid pathway, phytoene desaturase and ζ‐carotene desaturase, along with a carotenoid‐cleaving dioxygenase, are markedly increased in AM roots. This correlates with proliferation and reorganization of root plastids. These results allow at this point only speculation about the significance of apocarotenoid accumulation: participation in the production of signaling molecules and control of fungal colonization or protection against soil‐borne pathogens; protection of root cells against oxidative damage of membranes by reactive oxygen species; and promotion of the symbiotic interactions between plant roots and AM fungi.
Publikation

Stehle, F.; Brandt, W.; Milkowski, C.; Strack, D.; Structure determinants and substrate recognition of serine carboxypeptidase-like acyltransferases from plant secondary metabolism FEBS Lett. 580, 6366-6374, (2006) DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.10.046

Structures of the serine carboxypeptidase‐like enzymes 1‐O ‐sinapoyl‐β‐glucose:l ‐malate sinapoyltransferase (SMT) and 1‐O ‐sinapoyl‐β‐glucose:choline sinapoyltransferase (SCT) were modeled to gain insight into determinants of specificity and substrate recognition. The structures reveal the α/β‐hydrolase fold as scaffold for the catalytic triad Ser‐His‐Asp. The recombinant mutants of SMT Ser173Ala and His411Ala were inactive, whereas Asp358Ala displayed residual activity of 20%. 1‐O ‐sinapoyl‐β‐glucose recognition is mediated by a network of hydrogen bonds. The glucose moiety is recognized by a hydrogen bond network including Trp71, Asn73, Glu87 and Asp172. The conserved Asp172 at the sequence position preceding the catalytic serine meets sterical requirements for the glucose moiety. The mutant Asn73Ala with a residual activity of 13% underscores the importance of the intact hydrogen bond network. Arg322 is of key importance by hydrogen bonding of 1‐O ‐sinapoyl‐β‐glucose and l ‐malate. By conformational change, Arg322 transfers l ‐malate to a position favoring its activation by His411. Accordingly, the mutant Arg322Glu showed 1% residual activity. Glu215 and Arg219 establish hydrogen bonds with the sinapoyl moiety. The backbone amide hydrogens of Gly75 and Tyr174 were shown to form the oxyanion hole, stabilizing the transition state. SCT reveals also the catalytic triad and a hydrogen bond network for 1‐O ‐sinapoyl‐β‐glucose recognition, but Glu274, Glu447, Thr445 and Cys281 are crucial for positioning of choline.
Publikation

Schliemann, W.; Schmidt, J.; Nimtz, M.; Wray, V.; Fester, T.; Strack, D.; Erratum to “Accumulation of apocarotenoids in mycorrhizal roots of Ornithogalum umbellatum” [Phytochem. 67 (2006) 1196–1205] Phytochemistry 67, 2090, (2006) DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.07.018

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Publikation

Schliemann, W.; Schmidt, J.; Nimtz, M.; Wray, V.; Fester, T.; Strack, D.; Accumulation of apocarotenoids in mycorrhizal roots of Ornithogalum umbellatum Phytochemistry 67, 1196-1205, (2006) DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.05.005

Colonization of roots of Ornithogalum umbellatum by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices induced the accumulation of different types of apocarotenoids. In addition to the mycorrhiza-specific occurrence of cyclohexenone derivatives and the “yellow pigment” described earlier, free mycorradicin and numerous mycorradicin derivatives were detected in a complex apocarotenoid mixture for the first time. From the accumulation pattern of the mycorradicin derivatives their possible integration into the continuously accumulating “yellow pigment” is suggested. Structure analyses of the cyclohexenone derivatives by MS and NMR revealed that they are mono-, di- and branched triglycosides of blumenol C, 13-hydroxyblumenol C, and 13-nor-5-carboxy-blumenol C, some of which contain terminal rhamnose as sugar moiety.
Publikation

Isayenkova, J.; Wray, V.; Nimtz, M.; Strack, D.; Vogt, T.; Cloning and functional characterisation of two regioselective flavonoid glucosyltransferases from Beta vulgaris Phytochemistry 67, 1598-1612, (2006) DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.06.026

Two full-length cDNAs encoding flavonoid-specific glucosyltransferases, UGT73A4 and UGT71F1, were isolated from a cDNA library of Beta vulgaris (Amaranthaceae) cell suspension cultures. They displayed high identity to position-specific betanidin and flavonoid glucosyltransferases from Dorotheanthus bellidiformis (Aizoaceae) and to enzymes with similar substrate specificities from various plant families. The open reading frame of the sequences encode proteins of 476 (UGT73A4) and 492 (UGT71F1) amino acids with calculated molecular masses of 54.07 kDa and 54.39 kDa, and isoelectric points of 5.8 and 5.6, respectively. Both enzymes were functionally expressed in Escherichia coli as His- and GST-tagged proteins, respectively. They exhibited a broad substrate specificity, but a distinct regioselectivity, glucosylating a variety of flavonols, flavones, flavanones, and coumarins. UGT73A4 showed a preference for the 4′- and 7-OH position in the flavonoids, whereas UGT71F1 preferentially glucosylated the 3- or the 7-OH position. Glucosylation of betanidin, the aglycone of the major betacyanin, betanin, in B. vulgaris was also observed to a low extent by both enzymes. Several O-glycosylated vitexin derivatives isolated from leaves of young B. vulgaris plants and rutin obtained from B. vulgaris tissue culture are discussed as potential endogenous products of UGT73A4 and UGT71F1. The results are analyzed with regard to evolution and specificity of plant natural product glucosyltransferases.
Publikation

Fester, T.; Wray, V.; Nimtz, M.; Strack, D.; Is stimulation of carotenoid biosynthesis in arbuscular mycorrhizal roots a general phenomenon? Phytochemistry 66, 1781-1786, (2005) DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.05.009

The identification and quantification of cyclohexenone glycoside derivatives from the model legume Lotus japonicus revealed far higher levels than expected according to the stoichiometric relation to another, already determined carotenoid cleavage product, i.e., mycorradicin. Mycorradicin is responsible for the yellow coloration of many arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) roots and is usually esterified in a complex way to other compounds. After liberation from such complexes it has been detected in AM roots of many, but not of all plants examined. The non-stoichiometric occurrence of this compound compared with other carotenoid cleavage products suggested that carotenoid biosynthesis might be activated upon mycorrhization even in plant species without detectable levels of mycorradicin. This assumption has been supported by inhibition of a key enzyme of carotenoid biosynthesis (phytoene desaturase) and quantification of the accumulating enzymic substrate (phytoene). Our observations suggest that the activation of carotenoid biosynthesis in AM roots is a general phenomenon and that quantification of mycorradicin is not always a good indicator for this activation.
Publikation

Baumert, A.; Milkowski, C.; Schmidt, J.; Nimtz, M.; Wray, V.; Strack, D.; Formation of a complex pattern of sinapate esters in Brassica napus seeds, catalyzed by enzymes of a serine carboxypeptidase-like acyltransferase family? Phytochemistry 66, 1334-1345, (2005) DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.02.031

Members of the Brassicaceae accumulate complex patterns of sinapate esters, as shown in this communication with seeds of oilseed rape (Brassica napus). Fifteen seed constituents were isolated and identified by a combination of high-field NMR spectroscopy and high resolution electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. These include glucose, gentiobiose and kaempferol glycoside esters as well as sinapine (sinapoylcholine), sinapoylmalate and an unusual cyclic spermidine amide. One of the glucose esters (1,6-di-O-sinapoylglucose), two gentiobiose esters (1-O-caffeoylgentiobiose and 1,2,6′-tri-O-sinapoylgentiobiose) and two kaempferol conjugates [4′-(6-O-sinapoylglucoside)-3,7-di-O-glucoside and 3-O-sophoroside-7-O-(2-O-sinapoylglucoside)] seem to be new plant products. Serine carboxypeptidase-like (SCPL) acyltransferases catalyze the formation of sinapine and sinapoylmalate accepting 1-O-β-acetal esters (1-O-β-glucose esters) as acyl donors. To address the question whether the formation of other components of the complex pattern of the sinapate esters in B. napus seeds is catalyzed via 1-O-sinapoyl-β-glucose, we performed a seed-specific dsRNAi-based suppression of the sinapate glucosyltransferase gene (BnSGT1) expression. In seeds of BnSGT1-suppressing plants the amount of sinapoylglucose decreased below the HPLC detection limit resulting in turn in the disappearance or marked decrease of all the other sinapate esters, indicating that formation of the complex pattern of these esters in B. napus seeds is dependent on sinapoylglucose. This gives rise to the assumption that enzymes of an SCPL acyltransferase family catalyze the appropriate transfer reactions to synthesize the accumulating esters.
Publikation

Lohse, S.; Schliemann, W.; Ammer, C.; Kopka, J.; Strack, D.; Fester, T.; Organization and Metabolism of Plastids and Mitochondria in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Roots of Medicago truncatula Plant Physiol. 139, 329-340, (2005) DOI: 10.1104/pp.105.061457

Colonization of root cortical cells by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi leads to marked cytological changes of plastids and mitochondria. Plastids in particular are forming tubular extensions partially connecting individual organelles in a network-like way. These cytological changes correspond to an increased need for plastid and mitochondrial products during establishment and functioning of the symbiosis. The analysis of metabolite and transcript levels in mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal roots from Medicago truncatula revealed concomitant changes regarding a number of metabolic pathways. Our results indicate the activation of the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle and of plastid biosynthetic pathways producing fatty acids, amino acids, and apocarotenoids. These observations provide a general overview of structural and metabolic changes of plastids and mitochondria during colonization of root cortical cells by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.
Publikation

Liu, S.; Chen, K.; Schliemann, W.; Strack, D.; Isolation and identification of arctiin and arctigenin in leaves of burdock (Arctium lappa L.) by polyamide column chromatography in combination with HPLC-ESI[sol ]MS Phytochem. Anal. 16, 86-89, (2005) DOI: 10.1002/pca.816

A simple method involving polyamide column chromatography in combination with HPLC‐PAD and HPLC‐ESI[sol ]MS for isolating and identifying two kinds of lignans, arctiin and arctigenin, in the leaves of burdock (Arctium lappa L.) has been established. After extraction of burdock leaves with 80% methanol, the aqueous phase of crude extracts was partitioned between water and chloroform and the aqueous phase was fractionated on a polyamide glass column. The fraction, eluting with 100% methanol, was concentrated and gave a white precipitate at 4°C from which two main compounds were purified by semi‐preparative HPLC. In comparison with the UV and ESI‐MS spectra and the HPLC retention time of authentic standards, the compounds were determined to be arctiin and arctigenin. The extraction[sol ]separation technique was validated using an internal standard method. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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