TY - CHAP ID - 2 TI - An in vitro assay to recapitulate hormone-triggered and SCF-mediated protein ubiquitylation T2 - Plant Proteostasis PB - Methods Mol. Biol. PY - 2023 SP - 43-56 AU - Niemeyer, M. AU - Parra, J. O. F. AU - Calderón Villalobos, L. I. A. AU - VL - 2581 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2784-6_4 SN - 978-1-0716-2783-9 DO - 10.1007/978-1-0716-2784-6_4 AB - Signaling proteins trigger a sequence of molecular switches in the cell, which permit development, growth, and rapid adaptation to changing environmental conditions. SCF-type E3 ubiquitin ligases recognize signaling proteins prompting changes in their fate, one of these being ubiquitylation followed by degradation by the proteasome. SCFs together with their ubiquitylation targets (substrates) often serve as phytohormone receptors, responding and/or assembling in response to fluctuating intracellular hormone concentrations. Tracing and understanding phytohormone perception and SCF-mediated ubiquitylation of proteins could provide powerful clues on the molecular mechanisms utilized for plant adaptation. Here, we describe an adaptable in vitro system that uses recombinant proteins and enables the study of hormone-triggered SCF-substrate interaction and the dynamics of protein ubiquitylation. This system can serve to predict the requirements for protein recognition and to understand how phytohormone levels have the power to control protein fate. A2 - Lois, L.M., Trujillo, M. C1 - Molecular Signal Processing ER - TY - CHAP ID - 1 TI - Quantitative analysis of microtubule organization in leaf epidermis pavement cells T2 - Methods in Molecular Biology PB - The Plant Cytoskeleton PY - 2023 SP - 43-61 AU - Klemm, S. AU - Buhl, J. AU - Möller, B. AU - Bürstenbinder, K. AU - VL - 2604 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2867-6_4 SN - 978-1-0716-2866-9 DO - 10.1007/978-1-0716-2867-6_4 AB - Leaf epidermis pavement cells form highly complex shapes with interlocking lobes and necks at their anticlinal walls. The microtubule cytoskeleton plays essential roles in pavement cell morphogenesis, in particular at necks. Vice versa, shape generates stress patterns that regulate microtubule organization. Genetic or pharmacological perturbations that affect pavement cell shape often affect microtubule organization. Pavement cell shape and microtubule organization are therefore closely interconnected. Here, we present commonly used approaches for the quantitative analysis of pavement cell shape characteristics and of microtubule organization. In combination with ablation experiments, these methods can be applied to investigate how different genotypes (or treatments) affect the organization and stress responsiveness of the microtubule cytoskeleton. A2 - Hussey, P.J., Wang, P. C1 - Molecular Signal Processing ER - TY - CHAP ID - 21 TI - User-friendly assessment of pavement cell shape features with PaCeQuant: Novel functions and tools T2 - PB - Methods Cell Biol. PY - 2020 SP - 349-363 AU - Poeschl, Y. AU - Möller, B. AU - Müller, L. AU - Bürstenbinder, K. AU - VL - 160 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.mcb.2020.04.010 DO - 10.1016/bs.mcb.2020.04.010 AB - Leaf epidermis pavement cells develop complex jigsaw puzzle-like shapes in many plant species, including the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Due to their complex morphology, pavement cells have become a popular model system to study shape formation and coordination of growth in the context of mechanically coupled cells at the tissue level. To facilitate robust assessment and analysis of pavement cell shape characteristics in a high-throughput fashion, we have developed PaCeQuant and a collection of supplemental tools. The ImageJ-based MiToBo plugin PaCeQuant supports fully automatic segmentation of cell contours from microscopy images and the extraction of 28 shape features for each detected cell. These features now also include the Largest Empty Circle criterion as a proxy for mechanical stress. In addition, PaCeQuant provides a set of eight features for individual lobes, including the categorization as type I and type II lobes at two- and three-cell junctions, respectively. The segmentation and feature extraction results of PaCeQuant depend on the quality of input images. To allow for corrections in case of local segmentation errors, the LabelImageEditor is provided for user-friendly manual postprocessing of segmentation results. For statistical analysis and visualization, PaCeQuant is supplemented with the R package PaCeQuantAna, which provides statistical analysis functions and supports the generation of publication-ready plots in ready-to-use R workflows. In addition, we recently released the FeatureColorMapper tool which overlays feature values over cell regions for user-friendly visual exploration of selected features in a set of analyzed cells. A2 - Charles T. Anderson, Elizabeth S. Haswell, Ram Dixit C1 - Molecular Signal Processing ER - TY - CHAP ID - 20 TI - Plant–Insect Bioassay for Testing Arabidopsis Resistance to the Generalist Herbivore Spodoptera littoralis T2 - Jasmonate in Plant Biology PB - Methods Mol. Biol. PY - 2020 SP - 69-78 AU - Mielke, S. AU - Gasperini, D. AU - VL - 2085 UR - SN - 978-1-0716-0142-6 DO - 10.1007/978-1-0716-0142-6_5 AB - Jasmonates are essential engineers of plant defense responses against many pests, including herbivorous insects. Herbivory induces the production of jasmonic acid (JA) and its bioactive conjugate jasmonoyl-l-isoleucine (JA-Ile), which then triggers a large transcriptional reprogramming to promote plant acclimation. The contribution of the JA pathway, including its components and regulators, to defense responses against insect herbivory can be evaluated by conducting bioassays with a wide range of host plants and insect pests. Here, we describe a detailed and reproducible protocol for testing feeding behavior of the generalist herbivore Spodoptera littoralis on the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and hence infer the contribution of JA-mediated plant defense responses to a chewing insect. A2 - Champion, A. & Laplaze, L., eds. C1 - Molecular Signal Processing ER - TY - CHAP ID - 34 TI - Sensitive and Selective Amino Acid Profiling of Minute Tissue Amounts by HPLC/Electrospray Negative Tandem Mass Spectrometry Using 9-Fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc-Cl) Derivatization T2 - Amino Acid Analysis PB - Methods Mol. Biol. PY - 2019 SP - 365-379 AU - Ziegler, J. AU - Hussain, H. AU - Neubert, R. H. H. AU - Abel, S. AU - VL - 2030 UR - SN - 978-1-4939-9639-1 DO - 10.1007/978-1-4939-9639-1_27 AB - A method for selective and sensitive quantification of amino acids is described. The combination of established derivatization procedures of secondary and primary amino groups with 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl chloride (Fmoc-Cl) and subsequent detection of derivatized amino acids by LC-ESI-MS/MS using multiple reaction monitoring provides high selectivity. The attachment of an apolar moiety enables purification of derivatized amino acids from matrix by a single solid-phase extraction step, which increases sensitivity by reduced ion suppression during LC-ESI-MS/MS detection. Additionally, chromatography of all amino acids can be performed on reversed-phase HPLC columns using eluents without additives, which are known to cause significant decreases in signal to noise ratios. The method has been routinely applied for amino acid profiling of low amounts of liquids and tissues of various origins with a sample throughput of about 50–100 samples a day. In addition to a detailed description of the method, some representative examples are presented. A2 - Alterman, M. A., ed. C1 - Molecular Signal Processing ER - TY - CHAP ID - 31 TI - Semi-Automatic Cell Segmentation from Noisy Image Data for Quantification of Microtubule Organization on Single Cell Level T2 - 2019 IEEE 16th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI 2019) PB - PY - 2019 SP - 199-203 AU - Möller, B. AU - Bürstenbinder, K. AU - VL - UR - SN - 978-1-5386-3641-1 DO - 10.1109/ISBI.2019.8759145 AB - The structure of the microtubule cytoskeleton provides valuable information related to morphogenesis of cells. The cytoskeleton organizes into diverse patterns that vary in cells of different types and tissues, but also within a single tissue. To assess differences in cytoskeleton organization methods are needed that quantify cytoskeleton patterns within a complete cell and which are suitable for large data sets. A major bottleneck in most approaches, however, is a lack of techniques for automatic extraction of cell contours. Here, we present a semi-automatic pipeline for cell segmentation and quantification of microtubule organization. Automatic methods are applied to extract major parts of the contours and a handy image editor is provided to manually add missing information efficiently. Experimental results prove that our approach yields high-quality contour data with minimal user intervention and serves a suitable basis for subsequent quantitative studies. A2 - C1 - Molecular Signal Processing ER - TY - CHAP ID - 30 TI - Quantitative and Comparative Analysis of Global Patterns of (Microtubule) Cytoskeleton Organization with CytoskeletonAnalyzer2D T2 - Plant Cell Morphogenesis PB - Methods Mol. Biol. PY - 2019 SP - 151-171 AU - Möller, B. AU - Zergiebel, L. AU - Bürstenbinder, K. AU - VL - 1992 UR - SN - 978-1-4939-9469-4 DO - 10.1007/978-1-4939-9469-4_10 AB - The microtubule cytoskeleton plays important roles in cell morphogenesis. To investigate the mechanisms of cytoskeletal organization, for example, during growth or development, in genetic studies, or in response to environmental stimuli, image analysis tools for quantitative assessment are needed. Here, we present a method for texture measure-based quantification and comparative analysis of global microtubule cytoskeleton patterns and subsequent visualization of output data. In contrast to other approaches that focus on the extraction of individual cytoskeletal fibers and analysis of their orientation relative to the growth axis, CytoskeletonAnalyzer2D quantifies cytoskeletal organization based on the analysis of local binary patterns. CytoskeletonAnalyzer2D thus is particularly well suited to study cytoskeletal organization in cells where individual fibers are difficult to extract or which lack a clearly defined growth axis, such as leaf epidermal pavement cells. The tool is available as ImageJ plugin and can be combined with publicly available software and tools, such as R and Cytoscape, to visualize similarity networks of cytoskeletal patterns. A2 - Cvrčková, F. & Žárský, V., eds. C1 - Molecular Signal Processing ER - TY - CHAP ID - 29 TI - Morphological Analysis of Leaf Epidermis Pavement Cells with PaCeQuant T2 - Plant Cell Morphogenesis PB - Methods Mol. Biol. PY - 2019 SP - 329-349 AU - Möller, B. AU - Poeschl, Y. AU - Klemm, S. AU - Bürstenbinder, K. AU - VL - 1992 UR - SN - 978-1-4939-9469-4 DO - 10.1007/978-1-4939-9469-4_22 AB - Morphological analysis of cell shapes requires segmentation of cell contours from input images and subsequent extraction of meaningful shape descriptors that provide the basis for qualitative and quantitative assessment of shape characteristics. Here, we describe the publicly available ImageJ plugin PaCeQuant and its associated R package PaCeQuantAna, which provides a pipeline for fully automatic segmentation, feature extraction, statistical analysis, and graphical visualization of cell shape properties. PaCeQuant is specifically well suited for analysis of jigsaw puzzle-like leaf epidermis pavement cells from 2D input images and supports the quantification of global, contour-based, skeleton-based, and pavement cell-specific shape descriptors. A2 - Cvrčková, F. & Žárský, V., eds. C1 - Molecular Signal Processing ER - TY - CHAP ID - 39 TI - Chrysanthemum Chlorotic Mottle Viroid T2 - Viroids and Satellites PB - PY - 2017 SP - 331-338 AU - Flores, R. AU - Gago-Zachert, S. AU - Serra, P. AU - De la Peña, M. AU - Navarro, B. AU - VL - UR - DO - 10.1016/B978-0-12-801498-1.00031-0 AB - Chrysanthemum chlorotic mottle viroid (CChMVd) (398–401 nt) belongs to genus Pelamoviroid, family Avsunviroidae and, like other members of this family, replicates in plastids through a rolling-circle mechanism involving hammerhead ribozymes. CChMVd RNA adopts a branched conformation stabilized by a kissing-loop interaction, resembling peach latent mosaic viroid in this respect. Chrysanthemum is the only natural and experimental host for CChMVd, which in the most sensitive varieties induces leaf mottling and chlorosis, delay in flowering, and dwarfing. The viroid has been found in major chrysanthemum growing areas including Europe and Asia. There are natural variants in which the change (UUUC→GAAA) mapping at a tetraloop in the CChMVd branched conformation is sufficient to change the symptomatic phenotype into a nonsymptomatic one without altering the viroid titer. Preinfection with nonsymptomatic variants prevents challenge inoculation with symptomatic ones. Moreover, experimental coinoculation with symptomatic and nonsymptomatic CChMVd variants results in symptomless phenotypes only when the latter is in vast excess, thus indicating its lower fitness. A2 - Hadidi, A., et al., eds. C1 - Molecular Signal Processing ER - TY - CHAP ID - 52 TI - Wahrnehmung und Interpretation symbiontischer Signale durch Pflanzen und ihre bakteriellen Partner T2 - Die Sprache der Moleküle – Chemische Kommunikation in der Natur PB - PY - 2016 SP - 105-116 AU - Parniske, M. AU - Ried, M. K. AU - VL - UR - AB - Mutualistic symbioses between plant roots and microorganisms can reduce the demand for chemical fertilizers in agriculture. Most crops are able to establish arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) symbiosis with fungi to take up phosphate more efficiently. A second symbiosis, nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbiosis, supersedes energy-intensive nitrogen fertilization: Legumes such as peas, clover and soybeans take up rhizobia – special bacteria that are capable of converting atmospheric nitrogen into ammonium – into their root cells. Plant root cells perceive rhizobia and AM fungi via very similar signaling molecules (N-acetylglucosamine tetra- or pentamers), even though the resultant developmental processes differ strongly. Interestingly, N-acetylglucosamine containing signals including fungal chitin- and bacterial peptidoglycan-fragments from their cell walls, also play a role in the recognition of pathogenic microorganisms.Despite the intrinsic sustainability potential of the nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbiosis, too much of a good thing, however, has led to global problems: The massive increase in global meat production is largely based on soybean. Large scale soybean monoculture destroyed ecosystems in South America. Large scale animal production results in excessive methane and nitrogen release into the environment, which causes climate change and death zones in marine ecosystems, respectively. This calls for a considerable reduction in meat consumption. A2 - Deigele, C., ed. C1 - Molecular Signal Processing ER - TY - CHAP ID - 48 TI - Radioligand Binding Assays for Determining Dissociation Constants of Phytohormone Receptors T2 - Plant Proteostasis PB - Methods Mol. Biol. PY - 2016 SP - 23-34 AU - Hellmuth, A. AU - Calderón Villalobos, L. I. A. AU - VL - 1450 UR - SN - 978-1-4939-3759-2 DO - 10.1007/978-1-4939-3759-2_3 AB - In receptor–ligand interactions, dissociation constants provide a key parameter for characterizing binding. Here, we describe filter-based radioligand binding assays at equilibrium, either varying ligand concentrations up to receptor saturation or outcompeting ligand from its receptor with increasing concentrations of ligand analogue. Using the auxin coreceptor system, we illustrate how to use a saturation binding assay to determine the apparent dissociation constant (K D ′ ) for the formation of a ternary TIR1–auxin–AUX/IAA complex. Also, we show how to determine the inhibitory constant (Ki) for auxin binding by the coreceptor complex via a competition binding assay. These assays can be applied broadly to characterize a one-site binding reaction of a hormone to its receptor. A2 - Lois, L. M. & Matthiesen, R., eds. C1 - Molecular Signal Processing ER - TY - CHAP ID - 57 TI - Jasmonates: Synthesis, Metabolism, Signal Transduction and Action T2 - eLS PB - PY - 2016 SP - AU - Wasternack, C. AU - VL - UR - DO - 10.1002/9780470015902.a0020138.pub2 AB - Jasmonic acid and other fatty‐acid‐derived compounds called oxylipins are signals in stress responses and development of plants. The receptor complex, signal transduction components as well as repressors and activators in jasmonate‐induced gene expression have been elucidated. Different regulatory levels and cross‐talk with other hormones are responsible for the multiplicity of plant responses to environmental and developmental cues. A2 - C1 - Molecular Signal Processing ER - TY - CHAP ID - 62 TI - Specialized Plant Metabolites: Diversity and Biosynthesis T2 - Ecological Biochemistry: Environmental and Interspecies Interactions PB - PY - 2015 SP - 14-37 AU - Tissier, A. AU - Ziegler, J. AU - Vogt, T. AU - VL - UR - SN - 9783527686063 DO - 10.1002/9783527686063.ch2 AB - Plant secondary metabolites, also termed specialized plant metabolites, currently comprise more than 200 000 natural products that are all based on a few biosynthetic pathways and key primary metabolites. Some pathways like flavonoid and terpenoid biosynthesis are universally distributed in the plant kingdom, whereas others like alkaloid or cyanogenic glycoside biosynthesis are restricted to a limited set of taxa. Diversification is achieved by an array of mechanisms at the genetic and enzymatic level including gene duplications, substrate promiscuity of enzymes, cell‐specific regulatory systems, together with modularity and combinatorial aspects. Specialized metabolites reflect adaptations to a specific environment. The observed diversity illustrates the heterogeneity and multitude of ecological habitats and niches that plants have colonized so far and constitutes a reservoir of potential new metabolites that may provide adaptive advantage in the face of environmental changes. The code that connects the observed chemical diversity to this ecological diversity is largely unknown. One way to apprehend this diversity is to realize its tremendous plasticity and evolutionary potential. This chapter presents an overview of the most widespread and popular secondary metabolites, which provide a definite advantage to adapt to or to colonize a particular environment, making the boundary between the “primary” and the “secondary” old fashioned and blurry. A2 - Krauss, G.-J. & Nies, D. H., eds. C1 - Cell and Metabolic Biology; Molecular Signal Processing ER - TY - CHAP ID - 74 TI - Jasmonates in Plant Growth and Stress Responses T2 - Phytohormones: A Window to Metabolism, Signaling and Biotechnological Applications PB - PY - 2014 SP - 221-263 AU - Wasternack, C. AU - VL - UR - SN - 978-1-4939-0491-4 DO - 10.1007/978-1-4939-0491-4_8 AB - Jasmonates are lipid-derived compounds which are signals in plant stress responses and development. They are synthesized in chloroplasts and peroxisomes. An endogenous rise occurs upon environmental stimuli or in distinct stages of development such as that of anthers and trichomes or in root growth. Hydroxylation, carboxylation, glucosylation, sulfation, methylation, or conjugation of jasmonic acid (JA) leads to numerous metabolites. Many of them are at least partially biologically inactive. The most bioactive JA is the (+)-7-iso-JA–isoleucine conjugate. Its perception takes place by the SCFCOI1-JAZ-co-receptor complex. At elevated levels of JAs, negative regulators such as JAZ, or JAV are subjected to proteasomal degradation, thereby allowing positively acting transcription factors of the MYC or MYB family to switch on JA-induced gene expression. In case of JAM negative regulation takes place by anatagonism to MYC2. JA and COI1 are dominant signals in gene expression after wounding or in response to necrotrophic pathogens. Cross-talk to salicylic acid, ethylene, auxin, and other hormones occurs. Growth is inhibited by JA, thereby counteracting the growth stimulation by gibberellic acid. Senescence, trichome formation, arbuscular mycorrhiza, and formation of many secondary metabolites are induced by jasmonates. Effects in cold acclimation; in intercropping; during response to herbivores, nematodes, or necrotrophic pathogens; in pre- and post-harvest; in crop quality control; and in biosynthesis of secondary compounds led to biotechnological and agricultural applications. A2 - Tran, L.-S. P. & Pal, S., eds. C1 - Molecular Signal Processing ER - TY - CHAP ID - 85 TI - Benno Parthier und die Jasmonatforschung in Halle T2 - Festkolloquium der Leopoldina anlässlich des 80. Geburtstages von Herrn Altpräsidenten Benno Parthier PB - Nova Acta Leopoldina PY - 2013 SP - 29-38 AU - Wasternack, C. AU - Hause, B. AU - VL - Supplementum Nr. 28 UR - https://www.leopoldina.org/publikationen/detailansicht/publication/festkolloquium-der-leopoldina-anlaesslich-des-80-geburtstages-von-herrn-altpraesidenten-benno-parthie/ AB - A2 - Hacker, J., ed. C1 - Cell and Metabolic Biology; Molecular Signal Processing ER - TY - CHAP ID - 89 TI - Family - Ophioviridae T2 - Virus Taxonomy: Ninth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses PB - PY - 2012 SP - 743-748 AU - Vaira, A. M. AU - Gago-Zachert, S. AU - Garcia, M. L. AU - Guerri, J. AU - Hammond, J. AU - Milne, R. G. AU - Moreno, P. AU - Morikawa, T. AU - Natsuaki, T. AU - Navarro, J. A. AU - Pallas, V. AU - Torok, V. AU - Verbeek, M. AU - Vetten, H. J. AU - VL - UR - DO - 10.1016/B978-0-12-384684-6.00060-4 AB - This chapter focuses on Ophioviridae family whose sole member genus is Ophiovirus. The member species of the genus include Citrus psorosis virus (CPsV), Freesia sneak virus(FreSV), Lettuce ring necrosis virus (LRNV), and Mirafiori lettuce big-vein virus (MiLBVV).The single stranded negative/possibly ambisense RNA genome is divided into 3–4 segments, each of which is encapsidated in a single coat protein (43–50 kDa) forming filamentous virions of about 3 nm in diameter, in shape of kinked or probably internally coiled circles of at least two different contour lengths. Ophioviruses can be mechanically transmitted to a limited range of test plants, inducing local lesions and systemic mottle. The natural hosts of CPsV, ranunculus white mottle virus (RWMV), MiLBVV, and LRNV are dicotyledonous plants of widely differing taxonomy. CPsV has a wide geographical distribution in citrus in the Americas, in the Mediterranean and in New Zealand. FreSV has been reported in two species of the family Ranunculacae from Northern Italy, and in lettuce in France and Germany. Tulip mild mottle mosaic virus (TMMMV) has been reported in tulips in Japan. LRNV is closely associated with lettuce ring necrosis disease in The Netherlands, Belgium, and France, and FreSV has been reported in Europe, Africa, North America and New Zealand. A2 - King, A. M. Q., et al., eds. C1 - Molecular Signal Processing ER - TY - CHAP ID - 86 TI - Hammerhead Ribozymes Against Virus and Viroid RNAs T2 - From Nucleic Acids Sequences to Molecular Medicine PB - RNA Technologies PY - 2012 SP - 411-427 AU - Carbonell, A. AU - Flores, R. AU - Gago, S. AU - VL - UR - SN - 978-3-642-27426-8 DO - 10.1007/978-3-642-27426-8_16 AB - The hammerhead ribozyme, a small catalytic motif that promotes self-cleavage of the RNAs in which it is found naturally embedded, can be manipulated to recognize and cleave specifically in trans other RNAs in the presence of Mg2+. To be really effective, hammerheads need to operate at the low concentration of Mg2+ existing in vivo. Evidence has been gathered along the last years showing that tertiary stabilizing motifs (TSMs), particularly interactions between peripheral loops, are critical for the catalytic activity of hammerheads at physiological levels of Mg2+. These TSMs, in two alternative formats, have been incorporated into a new generation of more efficient trans-cleaving hammerheads, some of which are active in vitro and in planta when targeted against the highly structured RNA of a viroid (a small plant pathogen). This strategy has potential to confer protection against other RNA replicons, like RNA viruses infecting plants and animals. A2 - Erdmann, V. A. & Barciszewski, J., eds. C1 - Molecular Signal Processing ER - TY - CHAP ID - 102 TI - Plant Hormones T2 - Comprehensive Natural Products II PB - PY - 2010 SP - 9-125 AU - Yamaguchi, I. AU - Cohen, J. D. AU - Culler, A. H. AU - Quint, M. AU - Slovin, J. P. AU - Nakajima, M. AU - Yamaguchi, S. AU - Sakakibara, H. AU - Kuroha, T. AU - Hirai, N. AU - Yokota, T. AU - Ohta, H. AU - Kobayashi, Y. AU - Mori, H. AU - Sakagami, Y. AU - VL - 4 UR - DO - 10.1016/B978-008045382-8.00092-7 AB - The definition of a plant hormone has not been clearly established, so the compounds classified as plant hormones often vary depending on which definition is considered. In this chapter, auxins, gibberellins (GAs), cytokinins, abscisic acid, brassinosteroids, jasmonic acid-related compounds, and ethylene are described as established plant hormones, while polyamines and phenolic compounds are not included. On the other hand, several peptides that have been proven to play a clear physiological role(s) in plant growth and development, similar to the established plant hormones, are referred. This chapter will focus primarily on the more recent discoveries of plant hormones and their impact on our current understanding of their biological role. In some cases, however, it is critical to place recent work in a proper historical context. A2 - Liu, H.-W. & Mander, L., eds. C1 - Molecular Signal Processing ER - TY - CHAP ID - 100 TI - Jasmonates in Stress, Growth, and Development T2 - Plant Stress Biology: From Genomics to Systems Biology PB - PY - 2010 SP - 91-118 AU - Wasternack, C. AU - VL - UR - SN - 9783527628964 DO - 10.1002/9783527628964.ch5 AB - This chapter contains sections titled:IntroductionJA BiosynthesisJA MetabolismBound OPDA – ArabidopsidesMutants of JA Biosynthesis and SignalingCOI1–JAZ–JA‐Ile‐Mediated JA SignalingTranscription Factors Involved in JA SignalingJasmonates and Oxylipins in DevelopmentConclusionsAcknowledgmentsReferences A2 - C1 - Molecular Signal Processing ER - TY - CHAP ID - 103 TI - Chronobiologische Phänomene und Jasmonatgehalt bei Viscum album L. T2 - Die Mistel in der Tumortherapie 2. Aktueller Stand der Forschung und klinische Anwendung PB - PY - 2009 SP - 49-66 AU - Dorka, R. AU - Miersch, O. AU - Hause, B. AU - Weik, P. AU - Wasternack, C. AU - VL - UR - AB - A2 - C1 - Molecular Signal Processing; Cell and Metabolic Biology ER - TY - CHAP ID - 110 TI - Application of resistance gene analogs in breeding for virus resistance T2 - Techniques in Diagnosis of Plant Viruses PB - Plant Pathogens Series PY - 2008 SP - AU - Quint, M. AU - Lübberstedt, T. AU - VL - 6 UR - http://www.studiumpress.in/plant-pathogens-series-vol-6-techniques-in-diagnosis-of-plant-viruses.html AB - A2 - C1 - Molecular Signal Processing ER - TY - CHAP ID - 108 TI - Viroid-host interactions: A molecular dialogue between two uneven partners T2 - PB - Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions PY - 2008 SP - 1-9 AU - Flores, R. AU - Carbonell, A. AU - Gago, S. AU - Martínez de Alba, A.-E. AU - Delgado, S. AU - Rodio, M.-E. AU - Di Serio, F. AU - VL - 6 UR - AB - A2 - C1 - Molecular Signal Processing ER - TY - CHAP ID - 118 TI - Jasmonate signaling in tomato – The input of tissue-specific occurrence of allene oxide cyclase and JA metabolites T2 - Proceeding of the 17th Int. Symp. on Plant Lipids PB - PY - 2007 SP - 107-111 AU - Wasternack, C. AU - Hause, B. AU - Stenzel, I. AU - Goetz, S. AU - Feussner, I. AU - Miersch, O. AU - VL - UR - AB - A2 - Benning C., Ollrogge, J. C1 - Molecular Signal Processing; Cell and Metabolic Biology ER - TY - CHAP ID - 112 TI - RNAs Autocatalíticos: Ribozimas de Cabeza de Martillo T2 - Herramientas Biotecnológicas en Fitopatología PB - PY - 2007 SP - 407-425 AU - Flores, R. AU - Carbonell, A. AU - De la Peña, M. AU - Gago, S. AU - VL - UR - AB - A2 - C1 - Molecular Signal Processing ER - TY - CHAP ID - 126 TI - Oxylipins: Biosynthesis, Signal Transduction and Action T2 - Plant Hormone Signaling PB - Annu. Plant Rev. PY - 2006 SP - 185-228 AU - Wasternack, C. AU - VL - 24 UR - SN - 9780470988800 DO - 10.1002/9780470988800.ch7 AB - This chapter contains sections titled:Introductionα‐Dioxygenase, phytoprostanes and electrophile compoundsThe LOX pathwayMutants in JA biosynthesis and in JA signalingJA, OPDA and related compounds in plant‐defense reactionsJA in developmentConcluding remarksAcknowledgements A2 - C1 - Molecular Signal Processing ER - TY - CHAP ID - 132 TI - Genus Ophiovirus T2 - Virus Taxonomy PB - PY - 2005 SP - 673-679 AU - Vaira, A. M. AU - Acotto, G. P. AU - Gago-Zachert, S. AU - Garcia, M. L. AU - Grau, O. AU - Milne, R. G. AU - Morikawa, T. AU - Natsuaki, T. AU - Torov, V. AU - Verbeek, M. AU - Vetten, H. J. AU - VL - UR - SN - 9780080575483 DO - 10.1016/B978-0-12-249951-7.50014-6 AB - A2 - C1 - Molecular Signal Processing ER - TY - CHAP ID - 143 TI - Jasmonates—Biosynthesis and Role in Stress Responses and Developmental Processes T2 - Plant Cell Death Processes PB - PY - 2004 SP - 143-155 AU - Wasternack, C. AU - VL - UR - DO - 10.1016/B978-012520915-1/50012-6 AB - This chapter presents jasmonates and their related compounds and discusses jasmonate-induced alteration of gene expression. Jasmonates exerts two different changes in gene expression— decrease in the expression of nuclear- and chloroplast-encoded genes and increase in the expression of specific genes. Jasmonates are shown to alter sink-source relationships such as JA promotes formation of the N-rich vegetative storage proteins—VSPα and VSPβ—of soybean, including reallocation in pod filling. In addition to such nutrient reallocation to other parts of the plant, jasmonates cause decreases in photosynthesis and chlorophyll content, the most significant manifestations of senescence in leaves. The rise of endogenous jasmonates upon stress or exogenous treatment with jasmonates correlates in time with the expression of various genes. The promotion of senescence by jasmonates is counteracted by cytokinins. The capacity of jasmonates to down regulate photosynthetic genes may also be one determinant in the onset of senescence. A2 - C1 - Molecular Signal Processing ER - TY - CHAP ID - 149 TI - Shift in Fatty Acid and Oxylipin Pattern of Tomato Leaves Following Overexpression of the Allene Oxide Cyclase T2 - Advanced Research on Plant Lipids PB - PY - 2003 SP - 275-278 AU - Weichert, H. AU - Maucher, H. AU - Hornung, E. AU - Wasternack, C. AU - Feussner, I. AU - VL - UR - DO - 10.1007/978-94-017-0159-4_64 AB - Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are a source of numerous oxidation products, the oxylipins. In leaves, α-linolenic acid (α-LeA) is the preferential substrate for lipid peroxidation reactions. This reaction may be catalyzed either by a 9-lipoxygenase (9-LOX) or by a 13-LOX and oxygen is inserted regioselectively as well as stereospecifically leading to formation of 13S- or 9S-hydroperoxy octadecatrienoic acid (13-/9-HPOT; Brash, 1999). At least, seven different enzyme families or reaction branches within the LOX pathway can use these HPOTs or other hydroperoxy PUFAs leading to (i) keto-PUFAs (LOX); (ii) epoxy hydroxy-PUFAs (epoxy alcohol synthase, EAS); (iii) octadecanoids and jasmonates (allene oxide synthase, AOS); (iv) leaf aldehydes and leaf alcohols (hydroperoxide lyase, HPL); (v) hydroxy PUFAs (reductase); (vi) divinyl ether PUFAs (divinyl ether synthase, DES); and (vii) epoxy- or dihydrodiol-PUFAs (peroxygenase, PDX; Fig. 1; Feussner and Wasternack, 2002). A2 - C1 - Molecular Signal Processing ER - TY - CHAP ID - 147 TI - The Lipoxygenase Pathway in Mycorrhizal Roots of Medicago Truncatula T2 - Advanced Research on Plant Lipids PB - PY - 2003 SP - 287-290 AU - Stumpe, M. AU - Stenzel, I. AU - Weichert, H. AU - Hause, B. AU - Feussner, I. AU - VL - UR - DO - 10.1007/978-94-017-0159-4_67 AB - Mycorrhizas are by far the most frequent occurring beneficial symbiotic interactions between plants and fungi. Species in >80% of extant plant families are capable of establishing an arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM). In relation to the development of the symbiosis the first molecular modifications are those associated with plant defense responses, which seem to be locally suppressed to levels compatible with symbiotic interaction (Gianinazzi-Pearson, 1996). AM symbiosis can, however, reduce root disease caused by several soil-borne pathogens. The mechanisms underlying this protective effect are still not well understood. In plants, products of the enzyme lipoxygenase (LOX) and the corresponding downstream enzymes, collectively named LOX pathway (Fig. 1B), are involved in wound healing, pest resistance, and signaling, or they have antimicrobial and antifungal activity (Feussner and Wasternack, 2002). The central reaction in this pathway is catalyzed by LOXs leading to formation of either 9- or 13-hydroperoxy octadeca(di/trien)oic acids (9/13-HPO(D/T); Brash, 1999). Thus LOXs may be divided into 9- and 13-LOXs (Fig. 1A). Seven different reaction branches within this pathway can use these hydroperoxy polyenoic fatty acids (PUFAs) leading to (i) keto PUFAs by a LOX; (ii) epoxy hydroxy-fatty acids by an epoxy alcohol synthase (EAS); (iii) octadecanoids and jasmonates via allene oxide synthase (AOS); (iv) leaf aldehydes and leaf alcohols via fatty acid hydroperoxide lyase (HPL); (v) hydroxy PUFAs (reductase); (vi) divinyl ether PUFAs via divinyl ether synthase (DES); and (vii) epoxy- or dihydrodiolPUFAs via peroxygenase (PDX; Feussner and Wasternack, 2002). AOS, HPL and DES belong to one subfamily of P450-containing enzymes, the CYP74 family (Feussner and Wasternack, 2002). Here, the involvement of this CYP74 enzyme family in mycorrhizal roots of M. truncatula during early stages of AM symbiosis formation was analyzed. A2 - C1 - Molecular Signal Processing; Cell and Metabolic Biology ER - TY - CHAP ID - 145 TI - Transcriptional Activation of Jasmonate Biosynthesis Enzymes is not Reflected at Protein Level T2 - Advanced Research on Plant Lipids PB - PY - 2003 SP - 267-270 AU - Stenzel, I. AU - Hause, B. AU - Feussner, I. AU - Wasternack, C. AU - VL - UR - DO - 10.1007/978-94-017-0159-4_62 AB - Jasmonic acid (JA) and its precursor 12-oxo phytodienoic acid (OPDA) are lipid-derived signals in plant stress responses and development (Wasternack and Hause, 2002). Within the wound-response pathway of tomato, a local response of expression of defense genes such as the proteinase inhibitor 2 gene (PIN2) is preceded by a rise in JA (Herde et al., 1996; Howe et al., 1996) and ethylene (O’Donnell et al., 1996). Mutants affected in JA biosynthesis such as defl (Howe et al., 1996) or spr-2 (Li et al., 2002) clearly indicated that JA biosynthesis is an ultimate part of wound signaling. It is less understood, however, how the rise in JA is regulated. A2 - C1 - Molecular Signal Processing; Cell and Metabolic Biology ER - TY - CHAP ID - 159 TI - Jasmonates and octadecanoids: Signals in plant stress responses and development T2 - PB - Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. PY - 2002 SP - 165-221 AU - Wasternack, C. AU - Hause, B. AU - VL - 72 UR - DO - 10.1016/S0079-6603(02)72070-9 AB - Plants are sessile organisms. Consequently they have to adapt constantly to fluctuations in the environment. Some of these changes involve essential factors such as nutrients, light, and water. Plants have evolved independent systems to sense nutrients such as phosphate and nitrogen. However, many of the environmental factors may reach levels which represent stress for the plant. The fluctuations can range between moderate and unfavorable, and the factors can be of biotic or abiotic origin. Among the biotic factors influencing plant life are pathogens and herbivores. In case of bacteria and fungi, symbiotic interactions such as nitrogen-fixating nodules and mycorrhiza, respectively, may be established. In case of insects, a tritrophic interaction of herbivores, carnivores, and plants may occur mutualistically or parasitically. Among the numerous abiotic factors are low temperature, frost, heat, high light conditions, ultraviolet light, darkness, oxidation stress, hypoxia, wind, touch, nutrient imbalance, salt stress, osmotic adjustment, water deficit, and desiccation.In the last decade jasmonates were recognized as being signals in plant responses to most of these biotic and abiotic factors. Signaling via jasmonates was found to occur intracellularly, and systemically as well as interorganismically. Jasmonates are a group of ubiquitously occurring plant growth regulators originally found as the major constituents in the etheric oil of jasmine, and were first suggested to play a role in senescence due to a strong senescence-promoting effect. Subsequently, numerous developmental processes were described in which jasmonates exhibited hormone-like properties. Recent knowledge is reviewed here on jasmonates and their precursors, the octadecanoids. After discussing occurrence and biosynthesis, emphasis is placed upon the signal transduction pathways in plant stress responses in which jasmonates act a signal. Finally, examples are described on the role of jasmonates in developmental processes. A2 - C1 - Molecular Signal Processing; Cell and Metabolic Biology ER - TY - CHAP ID - 161 TI - Secretory Acid Ribonucleases from Tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. T2 - Ribonucleases - Part A PB - Methods Enzymol. PY - 2001 SP - 351-368 AU - Abel, S. AU - Köck, M. AU - VL - 341 UR - DO - 10.1016/S0076-6879(01)41163-3 AB - A2 - C1 - Molecular Signal Processing ER - TY - CHAP ID - 178 TI - Characterization of Isoleucine Conjugates of Cucurbic Acid Isomers by Reversed-Phase and Chiral High-Performance Liquid Chromatography T2 - Natural Product Analysis. Chromatography-Spectroscopy-Biological Testing PB - PY - 1998 SP - 77-78 AU - Kramell, R. AU - Porzel, A. AU - Miersch, O. AU - Schneider, G. AU - VL - UR - https://de.book-info.com/isbn/3-528-06923-6.htm AB - A2 - C1 - Molecular Signal Processing; Bioorganic Chemistry ER - TY - CHAP ID - 177 TI - Effect of Jasmonic Acid Methyl Ester on Enzymes of Lipoxygenase Pathway in Barley Leaves T2 - Natural Product Analysis. Chromatography-Spectroscopy-Biological Testing PB - PY - 1998 SP - 339-340 AU - Kohlmann, M. AU - Kuntzsch, A. AU - Wasternack, C. AU - Feussner, I. AU - VL - UR - https://de.book-info.com/isbn/3-528-06923-6.htm AB - A2 - C1 - Molecular Signal Processing ER - TY - CHAP ID - 175 TI - Structural Elucidation of Oxygenated Triacylglycerols in Cucumber and Sunflower Cotyledons T2 - Natural Product Analysis. Chromatography-Spectroscopy-Biological Testing PB - PY - 1998 SP - 57-58 AU - Feussner, I. AU - Balkenhohl, T. J. AU - Porzel, A. AU - Kühn, H. AU - Wasternack, C. AU - VL - UR - https://de.book-info.com/isbn/3-528-06923-6.htm AB - A2 - C1 - Molecular Signal Processing; Bioorganic Chemistry ER - TY - CHAP ID - 174 TI - Fatty Acid Catabolism at the Lipid Body Membrane of Germinating Cucumber Cotyledons T2 - Advances in Plant Lipid Research PB - PY - 1998 SP - 311-313 AU - Feussner, I. AU - Blée, E. AU - Weichert, H. AU - Rousset, C. AU - Wasternack, C. AU - VL - UR - https://books.google.de/books?id=ilWa3Amo7AYC&lpg=PA288&ots=CGmFChqH-J&dq=%22Oxylipins%20in%20sorbitol-stressed%20barley%20leaf%20segments%22&hl=de&pg=PA311#v=onepage&q=%22Oxylipins%20in%20sorbitol-stressed%20barley%20leaf%20segments%22&f=false AB - A2 - C1 - Molecular Signal Processing ER - TY - CHAP ID - 172 TI - A Lipase Specific for Esterified Oxygenated Polyenoic Fatty Acids in Lipid Bodies of Cucumber Cotyledons T2 - Advances in Plant Lipid Research PB - PY - 1998 SP - 320-322 AU - Balkenhohl, T. AU - Kühn, H. AU - Wasternack, C. AU - Feussner, I. AU - VL - UR - https://books.google.de/books?id=ilWa3Amo7AYC&lpg=PA288&ots=CGmFChqH-J&dq=%22Oxylipins%20in%20sorbitol-stressed%20barley%20leaf%20segments%22&hl=de&pg=PA320#v=onepage&q=%22Oxylipins%20in%20sorbitol-stressed%20barley%20leaf%20segments%22&f=false AB - A2 - C1 - Molecular Signal Processing ER - TY - CHAP ID - 171 TI - Oxylipins in Sorbitol-Stressed Barley Leaf Segments T2 - Advances in Plant Lipid Research PB - PY - 1998 SP - 288-290 AU - Bachmann, A. AU - Kohlmann, M. AU - Wasternack, C. AU - Feussner, I. AU - VL - UR - https://books.google.de/books?id=ilWa3Amo7AYC&lpg=PA288&ots=CGmFChqH-J&dq=%22Oxylipins%20in%20sorbitol-stressed%20barley%20leaf%20segments%22&hl=de&pg=PA288#v=onepage&q=%22Oxylipins%20in%20sorbitol-stressed%20barley%20leaf%20segments%22&f=false AB - A2 - C1 - Molecular Signal Processing ER - TY - CHAP ID - 185 TI - Allene Oxide Cyclase from Corn: Partial Purification and Characterization T2 - Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Lipids PB - PY - 1997 SP - 99-101 AU - Ziegler, J. AU - Hamberg, M. AU - Miersch, O. AU - VL - UR - DO - 10.1007/978-94-017-2662-7_32 AB - In plants, the oxylipin pathway gives rise to several oxygenated fatty acid derivatives such as hydroxy- and keto fatty acids as well as volatile aldehydes and cyclic compounds, which are, in part, physiologically active [1]. Among these, jasmonic acid is discussed as signalling molecule during several stress responses, wounding, senescense and plant pathogen interactions [2]. A2 - C1 - Molecular Signal Processing ER - TY - CHAP ID - 181 TI - Do Lipoxygenases Initiate β-Oxidation? T2 - Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Lipids PB - PY - 1997 SP - 250-252 AU - Feussner, I. AU - Kühn, H. AU - Wasternack, C. AU - VL - UR - DO - 10.1007/978-94-017-2662-7_79 AB - The etiolated germination process of oilseed plants is characterized by the mobilization of storage lipids which serve as a major carbon source for the seedlings growth. During this stage the lipid storing organelles, the lipid bodies, are degraded and a new set of proteins, including a specific form of lipoxygenase (LOX), is detectable at their membranes in different plants [1,2]. LOXs are widely distributed in plants and animals and catalyze the regio- and stereo-specific oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids [3]. The enzymatic transformations of the resulting fatty acid hydroperoxides have been extensively studied [4]. Three well characterized enzymes, a lyase, an allene oxide synthase, and a peroxygenase, were shown to degrade hydroperoxides into compounds of physiological importance, such as odors, oxylipins, and jasmonates. We have recently reported a new LOX reaction in plants where a specific LOX, the lipid body LOX, metabolizes esterified fatty acids. This reaction resulted in the formation of 13(S)-hydroxy-linoleic acid (13-HODE) and lead us to propose an additional branch of the LOX pathway: the reductase pathway. Besides a specific LOX form we suggest two additional enzyme activities, a lipid hydroperoxide reductase and a lipid hydroxide-specific lipase which lead to the formation of 13-HODE. 13-HODE might be the endogenous substrate for β-oxidation in the glyoxysomes during germination of oilseeds containing high amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids. A2 - C1 - Molecular Signal Processing ER -