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Displaying results 1 to 2 of 2.
Walter, M. H.; Floss, D. S.; Paetzold, H.; Manke, K.; Vollrath, J.; Brandt, W.; Strack, D.; Control of Plastidial Isoprenoid Precursor Supply: Divergent 1-Deoxy-D-Xylulose 5-Phosphate Synthase (DXS) Isogenes Regulate the Allocation to Primary or Secondary Metabolism (Bach, T. J. & Rohmer, M., eds.). 251-270, (2012) ISBN: 978-1-4614-4063-5 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4063-5_17
Following the description of two separate pathways for isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis in plants, a new level of complexity has been introduced by the discovery of two divergent gene classes encoding the first enzyme of the plastidial methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway. These nonredundant 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS) isogenes are differentially expressed in such a way that DXS1 appears to serve housekeeping functions, whereas DXS2 is associated with the production of specialized (secondary) isoprenoids involved in ecological functions. Examples of the latter are apocarotenoid formation in roots colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and mono- or diterpenoid biosynthesis in trichomes. Knockdown of DXS2 genes can specifically suppress secondary isoprenoid formation without affecting basic plant functions. Analyzing DXS isogenes along the progression of land plant evolution shows separation in structure and complementary expression already at the level of gymnosperms, which is maintained in all angiosperms except Arabidopsis.
Paetzold, H.; Garms, S.; Bartram, S.; Wieczorek, J.; Urós-Gracia, E.-M.; Rodríguez-Concepción, M.; Boland, W.; Strack, D.; Hause, B.; Walter, M. H.; The Isogene 1-Deoxy-D-Xylulose 5-Phosphate Synthase 2 Controls Isoprenoid Profiles, Precursor Pathway Allocation, and Density of Tomato Trichomes Mol. Plant 3, 904-916, (2010) DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssq032
Plant isoprenoids are formed from precursors synthesized by the mevalonate (MVA) pathway in the cytosol or by the methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway in plastids. Although some exchange of precursors occurs, cytosolic sesquiterpenes are assumed to derive mainly from MVA, while plastidial monoterpenes are produced preferentially from MEP precursors. Additional complexity arises in the first step of the MEP pathway, which is typically catalyzed by two divergent 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase isoforms (DXS1, DXS2). In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), the SlDXS1 gene is ubiquitously expressed with highest levels during fruit ripening, whereas SlDXS2 transcripts are abundant in only few tissues, including young leaves, petals, and isolated trichomes. Specific down-regulation of SlDXS2 expression was performed by RNA interference in transgenic plants to investigate feedback mechanisms. SlDXS2 down-regulation led to a decrease in the monoterpene β-phellandrene and an increase in two sesquiterpenes in trichomes. Moreover, incorporation of MVA-derived precursors into residual monoterpenes and into sesquiterpenes was elevated as determined by comparison of 13C to 12C natural isotope ratios. A compensatory up-regulation of SlDXS1 was not observed. Down-regulated lines also exhibited increased trichome density and showed less damage by leaf-feeding Spodoptera littoralis caterpillars. The results reveal novel, non-redundant roles of DXS2 in modulating isoprenoid metabolism and a pronounced plasticity in isoprenoid precursor allocation.
