TY - JOUR ID - 2197 TI - Metabolic profiling of oxylipins in germinating cucumber seedlings - lipoxygenase-dependent degradation of triacylglycerols and biosynthesis of volatile aldehydes JO - Planta PY - 2002 SP - 612-619 AU - Weichert, H. AU - Kolbe, A. AU - Kraus, A. AU - Wasternack, C. AU - Feussner, I. AU - VL - 215 UR - DO - 10.1007/s00425-002-0779-4 AB - A particular isoform of lipoxygenase (LOX) localized on lipid bodies was shown by earlier investigations to play a role in initiating the mobilization of triacylglycerols during seed germination. Here, further physiological functions of LOXs within whole cotyledons of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) were analyzed by measuring the endogenous amounts of LOX-derived products. The lipid-body LOX-derived esterified (13S)-hydroperoxy linoleic acid was the dominant metabolite of the LOX pathway in this tissue. It accumulated to about 14 µmol/g fresh weight, which represented about 6% of the total amount of linoleic acid in cotyledons. This LOX product was not only reduced to its hydroxy derivative, leading to degradation by β-oxidation, but alternatively it was metabolized by fatty acid hydroperoxide lyase leading to formation of hexanal as well. Furthermore, the activities of LOX forms metabolizing linolenic acid were detected by measuring the accumulation of volatile aldehydes and the allene oxide synthase-derived metabolite jasmonic acid. The first evidence is presented for an involvement of a lipid-body LOX form in the production of volatile aldehydes. A2 - C1 - Molecular Signal Processing ER - TY - JOUR ID - 2196 TI - Direct analysis of single leaf disks for chemopreventive glucosinolates JO - Phytochem. Anal. PY - 2002 SP - 152-157 AU - Wang, Q. AU - Grubb, C. D. AU - Abel, S. AU - VL - 13 UR - DO - 10.1002/pca.636 AB - Natural isothiocyanates, produced during plant tissue damage from methionine‐derived glucosinolates, are potent inducers of mammalian phase 2 detoxification enzymes such as quinone reductase (QR). A greatly simplified bioassay for glucosinolates based on induction and colorimetric detection of QR activity in murine hepatoma cells is described. It is demonstrated that excised leaf disks of Arabidopsis thaliana (ecotype Columbia) can directly and reproducibly substitute for cell‐free leaf extracts as inducers of murine QR, which reduces sample preparation to a minimum and maximizes throughput. A comparison of 1 and 3 mm diameter leaf disks indicated that QR inducer potency was proportional to disk circumference (extent of tissue damage) rather than to area. When compared to the QR inducer potency of the corresponding amount of extract, 1 mm leaf disks were equally effective, whereas 3 mm disks were 70% as potent. The QR inducer potency of leaf disks correlated positively with the content of methionine‐derived glucosinolates, as shown by the analysis of wild‐type plants and mutant lines with lower or higher glucosinolate content. Thus, the microtitre plate‐based assay of single leaf disks provides a robust and inexpensive visual method for rapidly screening large numbers of plants in mapping populations or mutant collections and may be applicable to other glucosinolate‐producing species. A2 - C1 - Molecular Signal Processing ER - TY - JOUR ID - 2192 TI - Stimulation of jasmonic acid production in Zea Mays L. infected by the maize rough dwarf virus - Río Cuarto. Reversion of symptoms by salicylic acid JO - Biocell PY - 2002 SP - 369-374 AU - Vigliocco, A. AU - Bonamico, B. AU - Alemano, S. AU - Miersch, O. AU - Abdala, G. AU - VL - 26 UR - https://www.techscience.com/biocell/v26n3/34012 AB - In the present paper we study the possible biological relevance of endogenous jasmonic acid (JA) and exogenous salicylic acid (SA) in a plant-microbial system maize-virus. The virus disease "Mal de Río Cuarto" is caused by the maize rough dwarf virus - Río Cuarto. The characteristic symptoms are the appearance of galls or "enations" in leaves, shortening of the stem internodes, poor radical system and general stunting. Changes in JA and protein pattern in maize control and infected plants of a virus-tolerant cultivar were investigated. Healthy and infected-leaf discs were collected for JA measurement at different post-infection times (20, 40, 60 and 68 days). JA was also measured in roots on day 60 after infection. For SDS-PAGE protein analysis, leaf discs were also harvested on day 60 after infection. Infected leaves showed higher levels of JA than healthy leaves, and the rise in endogenous JA coincided with the enation formation. The soluble protein amount did not show differences between infected and healthy leaves; moreover, no difference in the expression of soluble protein was revealed by SDS-PAGE. Our results show that the octadecanoid pathway was stimulated in leaves and roots of the tolerant maize cultivar when infected by this virus. This finding, together with fewer plants with the disease symptoms, suggest that higher foliar and roots JA content may be related to disease tolerance. SA exogenous treatment caused the reversion of the dwarfism symptom. A2 - C1 - Molecular Signal Processing ER - TY - JOUR ID - 2185 TI - Heterologous Expression and Characterization of Human Glutaminyl Cyclase: Evidence for a Disulfide Bond with Importance for Catalytic Activity JO - Biochemistry PY - 2002 SP - 10849-10857 AU - Schilling, S. AU - Hoffmann, T. AU - Rosche, F. AU - Manhart, S. AU - Wasternack, C. AU - Demuth, H.-U. AU - VL - 41 UR - DO - 10.1021/bi0260381 AB - Glutaminyl cyclase (QC, EC 2.3.2.5) catalyzes the formation of pyroglutamate residues from glutamine at the N-terminus of peptides and proteins. In the current study, human QC was functionally expressed in the secretory pathway of Pichia pastoris, yielding milligram quantities after purification from the supernatant of a 5 L fermentation. Initial characterization studies of the recombinant QC using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry revealed correct proteolytic processing and N-glycosylation at both potential sites with similar 2 kDa extensions. CD spectral analysis indicated a high α-helical content, which contrasts with plant QC from Carica papaya. The kinetic parameters for conversion of H-Gln-Tyr-Ala-OH by recombinant human QC were almost identical to those previously reported for purified bovine pituitary QC. However, the results obtained for conversion of H-Gln-Gln-OH, H-Gln-NH2, and H-Gln-AMC were found to be contradictory to previous studies on human QC expressed intracellularly in E. coli. Expression of QC in E. coli showed that approximately 50% of the protein did not contain a disulfide bond that is present in the entire QC expressed in P. pastoris. Further, the enzyme was consistently inactivated by treatment with 15 mM DTT, whereas deglycosylation had no effect on enzymatic activity. Analysis of the fluorescence spectra of the native, reduced, and unfolded human QC point to a conformational change of the protein upon treatment with DTT. In terms of the different enzymatic properties, the consequences of QC expression in different environments are discussed. A2 - C1 - Molecular Signal Processing ER - TY - JOUR ID - 2184 TI - Continuous Spectrometric Assays for Glutaminyl Cyclase Activity JO - Anal. Biochem. PY - 2002 SP - 49-56 AU - Schilling, S. AU - Hoffmann, T. AU - Wermann, M. AU - Heiser, U. AU - Wasternack, C. AU - Demuth, H.-U. AU - VL - 303 UR - DO - 10.1006/abio.2001.5560 AB - The enzymatic conversion of one chromogenic substrate, -glutamine-p-nitroanilide, and two fluorogenic substrates, -glutaminyl-2-naphthylamide and -glutaminyl-4-methylcoumarinylamide, into their respective pyroglutamic acid derivatives by glutaminyl cyclase (QC) was estimated by introducing a new coupled assay using pyroglutamyl aminopeptidase as the auxiliary enzyme. For the purified papaya QC, the kinetic parameters were found to be in the range of those previously reported for other glutaminyl peptides, such as Gln-Gln, Gln-Ala, or Gln-tert-butyl ester. The assay can be performed in the presence of ammonia up to a concentration of 50 mM. Increasing ionic strength, e.g., potassium chloride up to 300 mM, resulted in an increase in enzymatic activity of about 20%. This is the first report of a fast, continuous, and reliable determination of QC activity, even in the presence of ammonium ions, during the course of protein purification and enzymatic analysis. A2 - C1 - Molecular Signal Processing ER - TY - JOUR ID - 2182 TI - Development of RGA-CAPS markers and genetic mapping of candidate genes for sugarcane mosaic virus resistance in maize JO - Theor. Appl. Genet. PY - 2002 SP - 355-363 AU - Quint, M. AU - Mihaljevic, R. AU - Dussle, C. AU - Xu, M. AU - Melchinger, A. AU - Lübberstedt, T. AU - VL - 105 UR - DO - 10.1007/s00122-002-0953-x AB - Three previously published resistance gene analogues (RGAs), pic13, pic21 and pic19, were mapped in relation to sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) resistance genes (Scmv1, Scmv2) in maize. We cloned these RGAs from six inbreds including three SCMV-resistant lines (D21, D32, FAP1360A) and three SCMV-susceptible lines (D145, D408, F7). Pairwise sequence alignments among the six inbreds revealed a frequency of one single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) per 33 bp for the three RGAs, indicating a high degree of polymorphism and a high probability of success in converting RGAs into codominant cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) markers compared to other sequences. SNPs were used to develop CAPS markers for mapping of the three RGAs in relation to Scmv1 (chromosome 6) and Scmv2 (chromosome 3), and for pedigree analyses of resistant inbred lines. By genetic mapping pic21 was shown to be different from Scmv2, whereas pic19 and pic13 are still candidates for Scmv1 and Scmv2, respectively, due to genetic mapping and consistent restriction patterns of ancestral lines. A2 - C1 - Molecular Signal Processing ER - TY - JOUR ID - 2180 TI - Cell death and salicylate- and jasmonate-dependent stress responses in Arabidopsis are controlled by single cet genes JO - Planta PY - 2002 SP - 120-128 AU - Nibbe, M. AU - Hilpert, B. AU - Wasternack, C. AU - Miersch, O. AU - Apel, K. AU - VL - 216 UR - DO - 10.1007/s00425-002-0907-1 AB - The jasmonic acid (JA)-dependent regulation of the Thi2.1 gene had previously been exploited for setting up a genetic screen for the isolation of signal transduction mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. that constitutively express the thionin gene. Several cet mutants had been isolated which showed a constitutive expression of the thionin gene. These cet mutants, except for one, also showed spontaneous leaf cell necrosis and were up-regulated in the expression of the PR1 gene, reactions often associated with the systemic acquired resistance (SAR) pathway. Four of these cet mutants, cet1, cet2, cet3 and cet4.1 were crossed with the fad triple and coi1 mutants that are blocked at two steps within the JA-dependent signaling pathway, and with transgenic NahG plants that are deficient in salicylic acid (SA) and are unable to activate SAR. Analysis of the various double-mutant lines revealed that the four cet genes act within a signaling cascade at or prior to branch points from which not only JA-dependent signals but also SA-dependent signaling and cell death pathways diverge. A2 - C1 - Molecular Signal Processing ER - TY - JOUR ID - 2175 TI - FQR1, a Novel Primary Auxin-Response Gene, Encodes a Flavin Mononucleotide-Binding Quinone Reductase JO - Plant Physiol. PY - 2002 SP - 578-590 AU - Laskowski, M. J. AU - Dreher, K. A. AU - Gehring, M. A. AU - Abel, S. AU - Gensler, A. L. AU - Sussex, I. M. AU - VL - 128 UR - DO - 10.1104/pp.010581 AB - FQR1 is a novel primary auxin-response gene that codes for a flavin mononucleotide-binding flavodoxin-like quinone reductase. Accumulation of FQR1 mRNA begins within 10 min of indole-3-acetic acid application and reaches a maximum of approximately 10-fold induction 30 min after treatment. This increase in FQR1 mRNA abundance is not diminished by the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, demonstrating thatFQR1 is a primary auxin-response gene. Sequence analysis reveals that FQR1 belongs to a family of flavin mononucleotide-binding quinone reductases. Partially purified His-tagged FQR1 isolated fromEscherichia coli catalyzes the transfer of electrons from NADH and NADPH to several substrates and exhibits in vitro quinone reductase activity. Overexpression of FQR1 in plants leads to increased levels of FQR1 protein and quinone reductase activity, indicating that FQR1 functions as a quinone reductase in vivo. In mammalian systems, glutathione S-transferases and quinone reductases are classified as phase II detoxification enzymes. We hypothesize that the auxin-inducible glutathioneS-transferases and quinone reductases found in plants also act as detoxification enzymes, possibly to protect against auxin-induced oxidative stress. A2 - C1 - Molecular Signal Processing ER - TY - JOUR ID - 2165 TI - Induction of Jasmonate Biosynthesis in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Barley Roots JO - Plant Physiol. PY - 2002 SP - 1213-1220 AU - Hause, B. AU - Maier, W. AU - Miersch, O. AU - Kramell, R. AU - Strack, D. AU - VL - 130 UR - DO - 10.1104/pp.006007 AB - Colonization of barley (Hordeum vulgare cv Salome) roots by an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith, leads to elevated levels of endogenous jasmonic acid (JA) and its amino acid conjugate JA-isoleucine, whereas the level of the JA precursor, oxophytodienoic acid, remains constant. The rise in jasmonates is accompanied by the expression of genes coding for an enzyme of JA biosynthesis (allene oxide synthase) and of a jasmonate-induced protein (JIP23). In situ hybridization and immunocytochemical analysis revealed that expression of these genes occurred cell specifically within arbuscule-containing root cortex cells. The concomitant gene expression indicates that jasmonates are generated and act within arbuscule-containing cells. By use of a near-synchronous mycorrhization, analysis of temporal expression patterns showed the occurrence of transcript accumulation 4 to 6 d after the appearance of the first arbuscules. This suggests that the endogenous rise in jasmonates might be related to the fully established symbiosis rather than to the recognition of interacting partners or to the onset of interaction. Because the plant supplies the fungus with carbohydrates, a model is proposed in which the induction of JA biosynthesis in colonized roots is linked to the stronger sink function of mycorrhizal roots compared with nonmycorrhizal roots. A2 - C1 - Molecular Signal Processing; Cell and Metabolic Biology ER - TY - JOUR ID - 2163 TI - Identification of Arabidopsis mutants with altered glucosinolate profiles based on isothiocyanate bioactivity JO - Plant Sci. PY - 2002 SP - 143-152 AU - Grubb, C. D. AU - Gross, H. B. AU - Chen, D. L. AU - Abel, S. AU - VL - 162 UR - DO - 10.1016/S0168-9452(01)00550-7 AB - Glucosinolates are a diverse class of nitrogen- and sulfur-containing secondary metabolites. They are rapidly hydrolyzed on tissue disruption to a number of biologically active compounds that are increasingly attracting interest as anticarcinogenic phytochemicals and crop protectants. Several glucosinolate-derived isothiocyanates are potent chemopreventive agents that favorably modulate carcinogen metabolism in mammals. Methylsulfinylalkyl isothiocyanates, in particular the 4-methylsulfinylbutyl derivative, are selective and potent inducers of mammalian detoxification enzymes such as quinone reductase (QR). Cruciferous plants including Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heyhn, synthesize methylsulfinylalkyl glucosinolates, which are derived from methionine. Using a colorimetric assay for QR activity in murine hepatoma cells and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of desulfoglucosinolates, we have demonstrated a strong positive correlation between leaf QR inducer potency and leaf content of methionine-derived glucosinolates in various A. thaliana ecotypes and available glucosinolate mutants. In a molecular genetic approach to glucosinolate biosynthesis, we screened 3000 chemically mutagenized M2 plants of the Columbia ecotype for altered leaf QR inducer potency. Subsequent HPLC analysis of progeny of putative mutants identified six lines with significant and heritable changes in leaf glucosinolate content and composition. A2 - C1 - Molecular Signal Processing ER - TY - JOUR ID - 2157 TI - The lipoxygenase pathway JO - Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. PY - 2002 SP - 275-297 AU - Feussner, I. AU - Wasternack, C. AU - VL - 53 UR - DO - 10.1146/annurev.arplant.53.100301.135248 AB - Lipid peroxidation is common to all biological systems, both appearing in developmentally and environmentally regulated processes of plants. The hydroperoxy polyunsaturated fatty acids, synthesized by the action of various highly specialized forms of lipoxygenases, are substrates of at least seven different enzyme families. Signaling compounds such as jasmonates, antimicrobial and antifungal compounds such as leaf aldehydes or divinyl ethers, and a plant-specific blend of volatiles including leaf alcohols are among the numerous products. Cloning of many lipoxygenases and other key enzymes within the lipoxygenase pathway, as well as analyses by reverse genetic and metabolic profiling, revealed new reactions and the first hints of enzyme mechanisms, multiple functions, and regulation. These aspects are reviewed with respect to activation of this pathway as an initial step in the interaction of plants with pathogens, insects, or abiotic stress and at distinct stages of development. A2 - C1 - Molecular Signal Processing ER - TY - JOUR ID - 2152 TI - The Arabidopsis Mutant cev1 Links Cell Wall Signaling to Jasmonate and Ethylene Responses JO - Plant Cell PY - 2002 SP - 1557-1566 AU - Ellis, C. AU - Karafyllidis, I. AU - Wasternack, C. AU - Turner, J. G. AU - VL - 14 UR - DO - 10.1105/tpc.002022 AB - Biotic and abiotic stresses stimulate the synthesis of jasmonates and ethylene, which, in turn, induce the expression of genes involved in stress response and enhance defense responses. The cev1 mutant has constitutive expression of stress response genes and has enhanced resistance to fungal pathogens. Here, we show that cev1 plants have increased production of jasmonate and ethylene and that its phenotype is suppressed by mutations that interrupt jasmonate and ethylene signaling. Genetic mapping, complementation analysis, and sequence analysis revealed that CEV1 is the cellulose synthase CeSA3. CEV1 was expressed predominantly in root tissues, and cev1 roots contained less cellulose than wild-type roots. Significantly, the cev1 mutant phenotype could be reproduced by treating wild-type plants with cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors, and the cellulose synthase mutant rsw1 also had constitutive expression of VSP. We propose that the cell wall can signal stress responses in plants. A2 - C1 - Molecular Signal Processing ER - TY - JOUR ID - 2151 TI - Conversion of AFLP fragments tightly linked to SCMV resistance genes Scmv1 and Scmv2 into simple PCR-based markers JO - Theor. Appl. Genet. PY - 2002 SP - 1190-1195 AU - Dussle, C. AU - Quint, M. AU - Xu, M. AU - Melchinger, A. AU - Lübberstedt, T. AU - VL - 105 UR - DO - 10.1007/s00122-002-0964-7 AB - In a previous study, bulked segregant analysis with amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) identified several markers closely linked to the sugarcane mosaic virus resistance genes Scmv1 on chromosome 6 and Scmv2 on chromosome 3. Six AFLP markers (E33M61-2, E33M52, E38M51, E82M57, E84M59 and E93M53) were located on chromosome 3 and two markers (E33M61-1 and E35M62-1) on chromosome 6. Our objective in the present study was to sequence the respective AFLP bands in order to convert these dominant markers into more simple and reliable polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based sequence-tagged site markers. Six AFLP markers resulted either in complete identical sequences between the six inbreds investigated in this study or revealed single nucleotide polymorphisms within the inbred lines and were, therefore, not converted. One dominant AFLP marker (E35M62-1) was converted into an insertion/deletion (indel) marker and a second AFLP marker (E33M61-2) into a cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence marker. Mapping of both converted PCR-based markers confirmed their localization to the same chromosome region (E33M61-2 on chromosome 3; E35M62-1 on chromosome 6) as the original AFLP markers. Thus, these markers will be useful for marker-assisted selection and facilitate map-based cloning of SCMV resistance genes. A2 - C1 - Molecular Signal Processing ER - TY - JOUR ID - 2138 TI - Jasmonate-Induced Lipid Peroxidation in Barley Leaves Initiated by Distinct 13-LOX Forms of Chloroplasts JO - Biol. Chem. PY - 2002 SP - 1645-1657 AU - Bachmann, A. AU - Hause, B. AU - Maucher, H. AU - Garbe, E. AU - Vörös, K. AU - Weichert, H. AU - Wasternack, C. AU - Feussner, I. AU - VL - 383 UR - DO - 10.1515/BC.2002.185 AB - In addition to a previously characterized 13-lipoxygenase of 100 kDa encoded by LOX2:Hv:1 [Vörös et al., Eur. J. Biochem. 251 (1998), 36 44], two fulllength cDNAs (LOX2:Hv:2, LOX2:Hv:3) were isolated from barley leaves (Hordeum vulgare cv. Salome) and characterized. Both of them encode 13-lipoxygenases with putative target sequences for chloroplast import. Immunogold labeling revealed preferential, if not exclusive, localization of lipoxygenase proteins in the stroma. The ultrastructure of the chloroplast was dramatically altered following methyl jasmonate treatment, indicated by a loss of thylakoid membranes, decreased number of stacks and appearance of numerous osmiophilic globuli. The three 13-lipoxygenases are differentially expressed during treatment with jasmonate, salicylate, glucose or sorbitol. Metabolite profiling of free linolenic acid and free linoleic acid, the substrates of lipoxygenases, in water floated or jasmonatetreated leaves revealed preferential accumulation of linolenic acid. Remarkable amounts of free 9- as well as 13-hydroperoxy linolenic acid were found. In addition, metabolites of these hydroperoxides, such as the hydroxy derivatives and the respective aldehydes, appeared following methyl jasmonate treatment. These findings were substantiated by metabolite profiling of isolated chloroplasts, and subfractions including the envelope, the stroma and the thylakoids, indicating a preferential occurrence of lipoxygenasederived products in the stroma and in the envelope. These data revealed jasmonateinduced activation of the hydroperoxide lyase and reductase branch within the lipoxygenase pathway and suggest differential activity of the three 13-lipoxygenases under different stress conditions. A2 - C1 - Molecular Signal Processing; Cell and Metabolic Biology ER - TY - JOUR ID - 2135 TI - Phosphate sensing in higher plants JO - Physiol. Plant. PY - 2002 SP - 1-8 AU - Abel, S. AU - Ticconi, C. A. AU - Delatorre, C. A. AU - VL - 115 UR - DO - 10.1034/j.1399-3054.2002.1150101.x AB - Phosphate (Pi) plays a central role as reactant and effector molecule in plant cell metabolism. However, Pi is the least accessible macronutrient in many ecosystems and its low availability often limits plant growth. Plants have evolved an array of molecular and morphological adaptations to cope with Pi limitation, which include dramatic changes in gene expression and root development to facilitate Pi acquisition and recycling. Although physiological responses to Pi starvation have been increasingly studied and understood, the initial molecular events that monitor and transmit information on external and internal Pi status remain to be elucidated in plants. This review summarizes molecular and developmental Pi starvation responses of higher plants and the evidence for coordinated regulation of gene expression, followed by a discussion of the potential involvement of plant hormones in Pi sensing and of molecular genetic approaches to elucidate plant signalling of low Pi availability. Complementary genetic strategies in Arabidopsis thaliana have been developed that are expected to identify components of plant signal transduction pathways involved in Pi sensing. Innovative screening methods utilize reporter gene constructs, conditional growth on organophosphates and the inhibitory properties of the Pi analogue phosphite, which hold the promise for significant advances in our understanding of the complex mechanisms by which plants regulate Pi‐starvation responses. A2 - C1 - Molecular Signal Processing ER - TY - JOUR ID - 2134 TI - Changes in jasmonate and gibberellin levels during development of potato plants (Solanum tuberosum) JO - Plant Growth Regul. PY - 2002 SP - 121-126 AU - Abdala, G. AU - Castro, G. AU - Miersch, O. AU - Pearce, D. AU - VL - 36 UR - DO - 10.1023/A:1015065011536 AB - Among the multiple environmental signals and hormonal factors regulatingpotato plant morphogenesis and controlling tuber induction, jasmonates (JAs)andgibberellins (GAs) are important components of the signalling pathways in theseprocesses. In the present study, with Solanum tuberosum L.cv. Spunta, we followed the endogenous changes of JAs and GAs during thedevelopmental stages of soil-grown potato plants. Foliage at initial growthshowed the highest jasmonic acid (JA) concentration, while in roots the highestcontent was observed in the stage of tuber set. In stolons at the developmentalstage of tuber set an important increase of JA was found; however, in tubersthere was no change in this compound during tuber set and subsequent growth.Methyl jasmonate (Me-JA) in foliage did not show the same pattern as JA; Me-JAdecreased during the developmental stages in which it was monitored, meanwhileJA increased during those stages. The highest total amount of JAs expressed asJA + Me-JA was found at tuber set. A very important peak ofJA in roots was coincident with that observed in stolons at tuber set. Also, aprogressive increase of this compound in roots was shown during the transitionof stolons to tubers. Of the two GAs monitored, gibberellic acid(GA3) was the most abundant in all the organs. While GA1and GA3 were also found in stolons at the time of tuber set, noothermeasurements of GAs were obtained for stolons at previous stages of plantdevelopment. Our results indicate that high levels of JA and GAs are found indifferent tissues, especially during stolon growth and tuber set. A2 - C1 - Molecular Signal Processing ER - TY - CHAP ID - 159 TI - Jasmonates and octadecanoids: Signals in plant stress responses and development T2 - PB - Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. PY - 2002 SP - 165-221 AU - Wasternack, C. AU - Hause, B. AU - VL - 72 UR - DO - 10.1016/S0079-6603(02)72070-9 AB - Plants are sessile organisms. Consequently they have to adapt constantly to fluctuations in the environment. Some of these changes involve essential factors such as nutrients, light, and water. Plants have evolved independent systems to sense nutrients such as phosphate and nitrogen. However, many of the environmental factors may reach levels which represent stress for the plant. The fluctuations can range between moderate and unfavorable, and the factors can be of biotic or abiotic origin. Among the biotic factors influencing plant life are pathogens and herbivores. In case of bacteria and fungi, symbiotic interactions such as nitrogen-fixating nodules and mycorrhiza, respectively, may be established. In case of insects, a tritrophic interaction of herbivores, carnivores, and plants may occur mutualistically or parasitically. Among the numerous abiotic factors are low temperature, frost, heat, high light conditions, ultraviolet light, darkness, oxidation stress, hypoxia, wind, touch, nutrient imbalance, salt stress, osmotic adjustment, water deficit, and desiccation.In the last decade jasmonates were recognized as being signals in plant responses to most of these biotic and abiotic factors. Signaling via jasmonates was found to occur intracellularly, and systemically as well as interorganismically. Jasmonates are a group of ubiquitously occurring plant growth regulators originally found as the major constituents in the etheric oil of jasmine, and were first suggested to play a role in senescence due to a strong senescence-promoting effect. Subsequently, numerous developmental processes were described in which jasmonates exhibited hormone-like properties. Recent knowledge is reviewed here on jasmonates and their precursors, the octadecanoids. After discussing occurrence and biosynthesis, emphasis is placed upon the signal transduction pathways in plant stress responses in which jasmonates act a signal. Finally, examples are described on the role of jasmonates in developmental processes. A2 - C1 - Molecular Signal Processing; Cell and Metabolic Biology ER -